Elements of Account Essay Example

Elements of Account Essay Sample Question Paper Code-254 ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY Class-IX Summative Assessment-II March 2011 Examination Design of Question paper Time Allowed : 3 Hrs 01. Weightage to form of Questions Type of questions 1. 2. 3. 4. MCQs Short Answer Questions Long Answer Questions(i) Long Answer Questions(ii) Total No. of Questions 16 8 4 4 32 Marks for each Question 1 3 4 6 Total Marks 16 24 16 24 80 Maximum Marks : 80 Duration of the examination will be 3 3 ? hours. Evaluation will be done from following topics Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Journal Ledger Recording and posting of cash transactions Trial balance 20 20 20 20 80 marks 1 Sample Question Paper ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY (Code-254) Class-IX Summative Assessment-II Time Allowed : 3 Hrs GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. The Question Paper has 32 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. Maximum Marks : 80 Questions from serial No. 1 to 16 are multiple choice questions. These are to be answered by writing the correct option in your answer sheet. Attempt all parts of a question together. Business transactions are recorded:(a) (c) in chronological order at the end of the month (b) (d) weekly None of the above 1 2. Trial Balance is prepared generally for a particular period which is ? (a) (c) week Quarter (b) (d) month Year 1 3. Goods returned of Rs. 500/- by a customer, Anil will be entered in(a) (c) Purchases Book Sales Book (b) (d) Purchases Returns book Sales Returns Book 1 4. Purpose of Sales Book is(a) (b) (c) (d) To record all sales made by the firm To record payment due to creditors To record all credit sales made by the firm to record credit sales of goods made by the firm 1 5. Salaries paid to staff will be debited to (a) (c) Salary A/c Staff A/c (b) (d) Cash A/c Expense A/c 1 1 (b) (d) Secondary entry None of the above 1 Transactions None of the above 6. A ledger is called a book of :(a) (c) Primary entry Final entry 7. A Ledger Account is prepared from:(a) (c) Events Journal (b) (d) 8. Cash Book is used to record. (a) (c) All Cash receipts only. All Cash c redits sales (b) (d) All Cash payments only All receipts payments of Cash 1 (b) (d) Original entry None of the above 1 9. Journal is called a book of (a) (c) Secondary entry Final entry 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Account specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Account specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Account specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Transactions entered on the debit side of Cash-Book are posted to (a) (b) (c) (d) Debit side of the Cash Account Debit side of the respective ledger account Credit side of the respective ledger account Credit side of the Cash Account 11. If the total of the debit side of Cash Book exceeds the total on the credit side it indicates: 1 (a) (c) Favourabel cash balance (b) Excess of expenditure (d) Unfavourable cash balance Bank Overdraft 1 12. Petty Cash Book is generally prepared by: (a) (c) Every business unit Large business units (b) (d) Small business units None of the above 3 13. The object of preparing trial balance is: (a) (b) (c) (d) To ascertain the profits for the period To ascertain the accuracy of accounts To ascertain the financial position of the concern To ascertain cash balance 1 14. Purchase of furniture on credit is recorded in (a) (b) (c) (d) Purchase book Journal Cash-Book Sales-Book 1 15. Cash discount received on payment to creditor is recorded on the (a) (b) (c) (d) Credit side of the cash column of the Cash-Book On the debit side of the cash column of the Cash-Book On the credit side of the discount column of the Cash-Book On the debit side of the discount column of the Cash-Book 16. Ledger contains: (a) (b) (c) (d) All accounts Only personal accounts Only nominal accounts Only real accounts 1 17. Prepare the Purchases Book from the following details:(a) (b) (c) 3 Purchase of goods costing Rs. 5000 from M/s. Ramesh vide invoice no. 120 dated 15. 09. 2010. Purchase of Fixed Assets costing Rs. 8000 from M/s. Renu vide invoice no. 016 dated 20 . 09. 2010. Paid wages Rs. 600 in cash vide receipt no. 16 dated 25. 09. 2010. 4 18. Classify the following under the three types of accounts ( Real, Nominal and Personal): (a) (c) (e) Drawings Capital Bank (b) (d) (f) Cash Machinery Depreciation 3 3 3 3 3 3 9. Give any three uses of a ledger. 20. Differentiate between Journal and Ledger on the basis of any three points. 21. Cash Book is both a Journal a ledger. Explain. 22. Give three examples of entries which appear in a Journal Proper. 23 . Write any three limitations of preparing a Trial Balance. 24. State whether the following account will have a debit or a credit balance ? (a) (c) (e) Sales Capital Rent Paid (b) (d) (f) Purchase Return Salary Purchases 3 25. Enter the following transactions in appropriate Subsidiary Books of Ramesh for the month of January 2010: 4 Date Jan. Jan. 5. Jan. 15 Jan. 25 Transactions Sold goods to Ram Purchased goods from Hari Ram Returned goods to Hari Ram Ram Returned Goods Rs. 5,000 2,000 500 800 26. Rearrange the following steps in preparing ledger: 1. Enter the relevant amount in the amount column . 2. Record the page no. of the Journal . 3. Identify in the Ledger the account in which transactions are to be recorded. 4. Enter the date of the transaction in the date column. 4 5 27. Insert the following in Tabular Petty Cash Book. On 1st Feb. 2010 Rs. 40 were given to petty cash clerk. Feb. 2009 1. 2. 8. 12. 14. 15 Transactions Chowkidars Wages Pencils Railways freight on account of books Postage Stamps Telegrams Sundry Expenses Amount (Rs. ) 15. 00 5. 25 2. 31 1. 25 2. 44 0. 56 28. What is the main objective of preparing a Trial Balance? 29. Journalise the following transactions Date 2009 Jan. 1 Jan. 3 Jan . 7 Jan. 20 Jan. 25 Jan. 30 Started business with cash Sold Goods to Rohan Goods purchased from Sohan Paid Rent Commission Received Machinary purchased 50,000 40,000 20,000 500 200 10,000 Transactions Rs. 4 6 0. Pass the Journal Entries of M/s. Ram Traders. Post them to the Ledger from the following transactions: 6 Date 2010 April 1 April 3 April 5 April 15 Commenced Business with cash Purchased Furniture Goods purchased Cash Sales 1,50,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 Transactions Rs. 6 31. From the following information, draw up a Trial Balance in the books of Shri Subhash Chand as on 31st March,2009: 6 Transactions Capital Purchases Cash in Hand Cash at Bank Electricity exp. Stationery Office Equipment Sundry Debtors Machinery Salaries 32. Rs. ,50,000 40,000 7,000 8,500 4,800 500 2,400 8,000 1,60,000 11,400 Transactions Sales Sundry Creditor Rent Furniture Bank Loan Investment Commission paid Opening Stock Commission Received Postage Telegram Rs. 1,05,400 5,000 2,000 16,000 10,000 6,000 1,050 3,200 1,200 750 Prepare a Cash Book with discount column of Shri Shyam from the following transactions and balance it. 2009 March 1 March 3 March 5 March 10 March 12 March 15 March 18 March 25 Balance of cash in Hand Rs. 25,000 Rent paid Rs. 2,000 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 10,000 Stationery purchased Rs. 2,500 Sold Goods for Cash for Rs. ,000 Cash received from Ram Rs. 980 and discount allowed Rs. 20 Cash paid to Shyam Rs. 950 and discount Received Rs. 50 Wages Paid Rs. 2,000 7 Marking Scheme ELEMENTS OF BOOK KEEPING ACCOUNTANCY Class-IX Summative Assessment-II Time : 3 hours Q No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17. 18 Answer (a) (d) (d) (d) (a) (c) (c) (d) (b) (c) (a) (c) (b) (b) (c) (a) Maximum Marks : 80 Marks Purchase Book Balance Rs. 5,000 (a) (c) (e) Personal Account Personal Account Real Account (b) (d) (f) Real Account Real Account Nominal Account 8 19. (i) It provides complete information about all accounts in one book. ii) It facilitates the preparation of final accounts. (iii) It enables to ascertain the main items of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities and their amounts. 20. Point of Distinction 1. 2. Nature Stage of Recording Journal It is a book of primary entry. Recording in the journal is the first stage. 3. Balancing Journal is not balanced Ledger It is a book of final entry Recording in the ledger is the second stage. All ledger accounts (except nominal accounts) are balanced in the ledger. 21. The Cash Book is a book of original entry since transactions are recorded for the first time from the source document. The Cash Book is a ledger in the sense that it is designed in the form of a Cash Account and records Cash receipts on the debit side and cash payments on the credit side, Thus, the Cash Book is both a journal and a ledger. 22. (i) Outstanding Expenses. (ii) Prepaid Expenses (iii) Entries for Dishonor of Bills. 23. Limitation of a Trial Balance- A Trial Balance is not a conclusive proof of the accuracy of the books of accounts since certain types of errors remain even when the Trial Balance tallies. The following errors do not affect the trial Balance at all. a) (c) 24 (a) Error of Principle, (B) Compensating error, Error of Recording in the books of original entry. Credit Debit Debit Error of complete omission (d) Credit (b) (d) (f) (c) Credit (e) Debit 25. Sales Book Rs. 5,000, Purchase Book Rs. 2,000, Purchase Return Book Rs. 500, Sales Return Book Rs. 800. 26. In order of 3-4-2-1. 27. Total Payment Rs. 26. 81 Balance c/d Rs. 13. 19 Grand Total Rs. 40. 00 Cash Required Rs. 26. 81 9 28. (i) To ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger accounts. (ii) To help in locating errors. (iii) To facilitate the preparation of financial statements. 9. Date 2009 Jan. 1 Particulars Cash A/c To Capital A/c (Being business started with cash) Jan. 3 Rohan To Sales A/c (Being the goods sold to Rohan) Jan. 7 Purchase A/c To Sohan (Being the goods purchased from Sohan) Jan. 20 Rent A/c To Cash A/c (Being the rent paid) Jan. 25 Cash A/c Dr. 200 200 Dr. 500 500 Dr. 20,000 20,000 Dr. 40,000 40,000 Dr. Debit (Rs. ) 50,000 50,000 Credit (Rs. ) To Commission Received A/c (Being the commission received) Jan. 30 Machinery A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 10,000 10,000 Being the Machinery purchased Total 1,20,700 1,20,700 10 30. (a) Date 2010 April 1. Particulars Cash A/C To Capital A/c (being started business with cash) Furniture A/c To Cash A/c (being the goods purchased for cash) Purchase A/c To Cash A/c (being the goods purchased for cash) Cash A/c To Sale A/c (bring the goods sold for cash LF Amounts Rs. 1,50,00 Amounts Rs. 1,50,000 April 3. 25,000 25,000 April 5. 30,000 30,000 April 15. 40,000 40,000 (b) Balance of following ledger Accounts Cash A/c Rs. 1, 35,000,Furniture A/c Rs. 25,000, Purchase A/c Rs. 30,000, Sales A/c Rs. 40,000. 31. Trial Balance Total Rs. 2, 71,600. 32. Cash Book Balance C/D Rs. 16530. 00, Discount Dr. Rs. 20. 00, Discount Cr. Rs. 50. 00. 11

The Environment and Free-Range, Organic, and Local Meat

The Environment and Free-Range, Organic, and Local Meat Meat and other animal products are a serious environmental issue, leading the Atlantic chapter of the Sierra Club to call animal products, a Hummer on a plate. However, free-range, organic, or local meats are not the solution. Free-Range, Cage-Free, Pasture-Raised Meat, Eggs, and Dairy Factory farmers are not animal-hating sadists who confine the animals for fun. Factory farming started because scientists in the 1960s were looking for a way to meet the meat demands of an exploding human population. The only way the U.S. can feed animal products to hundreds of millions of people is to grow grain as an intense monoculture, turn that grain into animal feed, and then give that feed to intensively confined animals. There isn’t enough available land on earth to raise all livestock free-range or cage-free. The United Nations reports that livestock now use 30 percent of the earth’s entire land surface, mostly permanent pasture but also including 33 percent of the global arable land used to produce feed for livestock. Free-range, pasture-fed animals would require even more land on which to feed. They require even more food and water than factory farmed animals, because they are exercising more. To meet the increasing demand for grass-fed beef, South American rainforests are being cleared to produce more pasture for organic, grass-fed beef to be exported. Only 3 percent of the beef produced in the U.S. is grass-fed, and already, thousands of wild horses are displaced by this relatively small number of cattle. The U.S. alone has 94.5 million beef cattle. One farmer estimates that it takes 2.5 to 35 acres of pasture, depending on the quality of the pasture, to raise a grass-fed cow. Using the more conservative figure of 2.5 acres of pasture, this means we need approximately 250 million acres to create grazing pastures for every cow in the U.S. Thats over 390,000 square miles, which is more than 10 percent of all the land in the U.S. Organic Meat Raising animals organically does not reduce the amount of food or water required to produce meat, and the animals will produce just as much waste. Under the National Organic Program administered by the USDA, organic certification for animal products has certain minimum care requirements under 7 C.F.R. 205, such as access to the outdoors, shade, shelter, exercise areas, fresh air, and direct sunlight (7 C.F.R. 205.239). Manure must also be managed in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, heavy metals, or pathogenic organisms and optimizes recycling of nutrients (7. C.F.R. 205.203) Organic livestock must also be fed organically produced feed and cannot be given growth hormones (7 C.F.R. 205.237). While organic meat does offer some environmental and health benefits over factory farming in terms of residue, waste management, pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, the livestock do not consume less resources or produce less manure. Animals raised organically are still slaughtered, and organic meat is just as wasteful, if not more wasteful, than factory farmed meat. Local Meat We hear that one way to be eco-friendly is to eat locally, to reduce the amount of resources required to deliver food to our table. Locavores strive to build their diet around food produced within a certain distance from their home. While eating locally might reduce your impact on the environment, the reduction is not as great as some might believe and other factors are more important. According to CNN, an Oxfam report titled, Fair Miles - Recharting the Food Miles Map, found that the way in which food is produced is more important than how far that food is transported. The amount of energy, fertilizer, and other resources used on the farm may have more environmental significance than the transportation of the final product. Food miles are not always a good yardstick. Buying from a small, local conventional farm may have a greater carbon footprint than buying from a large, organic farm thousands of miles away. Organic or not, the larger farm also has the economy of scale on its side. And as a 2008 article in The Guardian points out, buying fresh produce from halfway around the world has a lower carbon footprint than buying local apples out of season that have been in cold storage for ten months. In The Locavore Myth, James E. McWilliams writes: One analysis, by Rich Pirog of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, showed that transportation accounts for only 11% of foods carbon footprint. A fourth of the energy required to produce food is expended in the consumers kitchen. Still more energy is consumed per meal in a restaurant, since restaurants throw away most of their leftovers... The average American eats 273 pounds of meat a year. Give up red meat once a week and youll save as much energy as if the only food miles in your diet were the distance to the nearest truck farmer. If you want to make a statement, ride your bike to the farmers market. If you want to reduce greenhouse gases, become a vegetarian. While buying locally produced meat will reduce the amount of fuel needed to transport your food, it does not change the fact that animal agriculture requires an inordinate amount of resources and produces a great deal of waste and pollution. Tara Garnett of the Food Climate Research Network stated: There is only one way of being sure that you cut down on your carbon emissions when buying food: stop eating meat, milk, butter and cheese... These come from ruminants- sheep and cattle- that produce a great deal of harmful methane. In other words, it is not the source of the food that matters but the kind of food you eat. All things being equal, eating locally is better than eating food that has to be transported thousands of miles, but the environmental advantages of locavorism pale in comparison with those of going vegan. Lastly, one can choose to be an organic, vegan locavore to reap the environmental benefits of all three concepts. They are not mutually exclusive.

Using Quality Methods to Ensure Consistency of Care Assignment

Using Quality Methods to Ensure Consistency of Care - Assignment Example Mostly, the health professionals in the emergency department of any health care are not in a position to diagnose the disease the patient is suffering from. In the case study, the paramedics respond fast enough and give prompt treatment after a quality assessment of the patient’s condition. The paramedics in this study demonstrate professionalism in that they treat the patient on site before admitting him to the hospital for further diagnosis. It is also evident that it takes a lot of time before the patient could receive relevant medical care due to lack of facilities at the local community hospital. Once again, the paramedics show commitment by frequently assessing the patient at every level of treatment (Dlugazc, 2006). Most surprisingly, the paramedics use radio to send messages to the tertiary center which demonstrates poor communication. The recruitment of highly trained professionals requiring high remuneration is relevant for attaining quality performance evaluation. Additionally, organizations require relevant equipment and vehicles for ambulance services which require a huge sum of capital. The establishment of a better communication system such as the global positioning system in EMS requires allocation of hefty resources. The establishment of a quality management department is costly and the development of strategies to monitor improvement is important for achieving the defined goals (Dlugazc, 2006). A well trained emergency team is relevant for the realization of improved health care services. As highlighted before, the paramedics in the case are well trained and discharge their duties diligently. Reliable and accurate data for performance evaluation will heavily rely on the skills from these professionals and therefore the need for skilled practitioners. The various systems developed to offer services to the patients should have the capacity to collect relevant data for measuring performance. Training should be offered to the staff on

Ethical Theories In Solving Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Theories In Solving Crime - Essay Example As you can see my strategy champions’ diplomacy and deliberate on what you should do. I will use my skills and interventions to sponsor a superior counseling strategy. Part of the plan will be to apply normative moral theories that I have with time learned from class to ensure that I properly solves the situation. To understand the scenes of crime in each case, especially the woman involved in crime, I will use consequentialism theory to understand what prompts the thoughts of crime. That is, what is the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness and the wrongness of the conduct I will further invite Jeremy Bentham Bentham and Burns believe on utilitarianism, which argues that people driven by their fears, hence they take precedence of their fears. Supportively, Eggleston argues that an action an action is moral when it produces the greatest amount of happiness. However, a problem will arise when the greatest happiness is achieved at the expense of a few. For that rea son, utilitarianism would seem to endorse crime when it produces the greatest total amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

The Bloody Chamber Essay Example for Free

The Bloody Chamber Essay The major sense of desperation arises when the heroine enters the bloody chamber in her newly wedded husbands castle. The impact of this moment is powerful because up to now the bride is portrayed as a nave blushing bride. At this point it can be sensed that death awaits her. Once she passes the ill-lit corridor she crosses the boundary into the realm of death, mutilation, blood and horror. The passage leading up to this point has been thoroughly described by Carter. Angela Carter goes as far as to personify the chamber walls, they gleamed as if they were sweating with fright. Initially the narrative begins in an excited garbled state, but as the description becomes detailed it invokes a sense of immediacy. At the height of suspense we are led to the dead corpse with, the dead lips smiled making the situation even more drastic. Carter then strangely begins to describe the surroundings with elegant imagery, yet the skull was still so beautiful, had shapes with sheer planes. As the bride becomes familiar with her surroundings there is a growing sense of tension and when she finally comes face to face with the previous bride she is overwhelmed and is forced to escape the horrors. The imagery used at this point is particularly gruesome and highlights the use of dismal situations by Angela Carter, She was pierced, not by one but by one hundred spikes. Angela Carters use of desperate circumstances transforms the fairy tale conventions beyond its boundaries and into the realm of gothic fantasy. Carter also uses sustained periods of tense feelings to create an atmosphere of pressure fear. Also by adding horrific detail and descriptive references to sexuality the story no longer fits into the classic fairy tale genre. Angela Carter makes good use of narrative, plots, imagery and language to create scenes in horrific detail that helps to capture the readers attention. Angela Carter also uses unpromising situations in The Tigers Bridei to capture the audience. The Tigers Bride is a reworking of beauty and the Beast. Angela Carter tries to engage the reader by using language and imagery; in fact the daughter is not disgusted by the tiger but by his mask. Carter also uses alliteration with the soft sound of s making the description of the beast sound comforting where in reality he is far from it, He must bathe himself in scent, soak his shirt. The heroines reaction to the beastsisituation is pity and she confronts her fear by exposing herself to the beast as well. The actual moment of the tigers nakedness has a powerful impact on beauty. This can be supported by, The annihilating vehemence of his eyes, like twin suns. Beautys response to the beasts naked form is, I felt my breasts ripped apart as if I suffered a marvellous wound. The final transformation occurs when Beauty joins the tiger in his own environment, where the laws of the material world have no meaning. This is a key point where all the disturbed emotions become resolved. This can be proven when beauty says, I, white, shaking, raw approaching him as if offering, in myself, the key to a peaceable kingdom in which his appetite need not be my extinction. Carters use of a desperate situation where the heroine is not a victim but a character that is strong and in control, takes this story away from the traditional convention of fairytales. Also Beautys transformation takes this genre into the realm of fantasy. The strong references to sexuality also go against the conventions of fairy tales. In the climax of the story where the situation seems to become desperate and hopeless, Carter empowers beauty. Consequently beauty is able to control her desires. I believe by doing this Carter can manipulate the structure and rules of the genre. Cartersiuse of desperate situations and emotional instability totally contradicts the fairy Carters use of the above techniques takes apart the readers expectations of this genre, leaving them open minded to almost anything. Ultimately Carter thus keeps the reader interested and intrigued.

How to measure noise pollution

How to measure noise pollution Executive Summary Noise and pollution, and man was created noise harmful to health or welfare. Transport vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, rail, trucks, buses, cars and motorcycles for producing excessive noise. Construction equipment, for example, breaker and bulldozers, also produce substantial noise pollution. Noise intensity is measured in units of dB. Logarithmic scale is dB, every increase of 10 dB represents a tenfold increase in the intensity of noise. Human perception of size is also consistent with a logarithmic scale, an increase of 10 dB is seen as almost double the size of the volume. Thus, 30 dB is 10 times more intense than 20 decibels and sounds loud and twice, 40 dB is 100 times more intense than 20 and sounds 4 times louder, 80 decibels is 1 million times more intense than 20 and sounds 64 times stronger. Distance reduces the level of decibels effective up to the ear. Therefore, the moderate movement of vehicles at a distance of 100 feet (30 m) rates about 50 decibels. To the driver with an open window or pedestrians on the sidewalk, and the rates of movement itself about 70 dB, that is, it sounds louder than 4 times. At a distance of 2000 feet (600 m), and the noise of aircraft taking off up to about 110 decibels, about the same century, the car only 3 feet (1 m) away. Introduction Noise pollution is a leak sound is unwanted, uncontrollable and unpredictable, and not necessarily strong in the lives of people of reasonable sensitivity. Using the reasonable person standard eliminates the idea that the sentence is subjective and unwanted sound. The sound can be returned unwanted noise or return to the Old Testament, and the stories of loud music, barking dogs, as well as the Romanian city where the old residents complained about noisy vehicles delivered in the cobbled streets around them. Has made the industrial revolution, and the growth of cities, the demand for transport in the world, even louder. With the modern world depends so enchanted with noise and noise technology for aircraft produced cars, helicopters, motorcycles, snowmobiles, jet skis, blowers and paper, amplified music, and bass-driven stereo systems, cars surrounding noise level to accelerate quickly. This increase in noise led to the research examines the impact of noise on the lives and activitie s of persons reasonable. The result was a set of evidence strongly suggests that noise is hazardous to good health, mental and physical health. Voices should not be so strong can not be considered interference, for example, drip of the faucet, President of the jet, or stereo late at night, a neighbor. Annoying noise, especially at night when you try to sleep, and sleeping well is essential for good health. Can exposure to noise over time be stressful, causing adverse health effects such as high blood pressure. Although there is a need for more research to strengthen the link noise and health, there is agreement that reduces the noise quality of life. Noise can be particularly harmful for children. Research shows that houses noisy slow cognitive development and language in young children. In addition, children who live and learn in a school near noisy roads, railways and airports and low scores in reading, and some children who live or go to school near the main airport and had high blood pressure. How to measure noise? Noise is measured in decibels, dB. And called on the tool used to measure the sound level. It is designed to respond equally to the human ear, and give an objective assessment of sound pressure level. Even if the noise is a major environmental problem, it is often difficult to determine the associated costs. The report identified the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development in the social costs of road transport four categories of the impact of noise from transport; Low real estate values Loss of mental health care costs for the treatment of loss of sleep, hearing problems or stress loss of productivity due to poor concentration, communication difficulties or fatigue due to inadequate rest Causes:- Causes of noise pollution traffic noise is the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. With the increasing number of vehicles on the road, and cause noise exhaust fumes from cars and trucks, buses and motorcycles is the main reason for the noise. The aircraft flying at low altitude above the height of national parks, wilderness areas and other areas of vacant, the greater the noise level significantly in these areas were not affected in the past. People living next to railway stations to put up with a lot of noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles and switch management operating in the rail yards. This is the main source of noise pollution. to meet the needs of the basic necessities of life, and build highways, buildings and streets in the city is making a lot of noise. Breaker, compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks and paving breakers are the main sources of noise pollution at construction sites. Although not the main cause of industrial noise and adds noise. Machinery, engines and compressors used in the industries to create a lot of noise that is added to the negative hype already. plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners and fans create a lot of noise in buildings, in addition to noise conditions. equipment for the home, such as vacuum cleaners, blenders, and some noisy devices in the home. Although it does not cause a big problem, can not impact can not be ignored. Effects:- Hearing loss Mechanism of hearing loss stems from the shock of the stereocilia of the cochlea, and the main structure of the inner ear fluid. Finland, together with the middle ear sound pressure levels increases by a factor of twenty, in the sound pressure level is very high up to the cochlea, sound alarms even moderate weather. The underlying disease to the cochlea is the reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in noise-induced necrosis and apoptosis of stereocilia. Exposure to high levels of noise have different effects in a certain number of the population, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species suggests possible ways to treat or prevent hearing damage and cellular structures associated with them. The effects of the heart and blood vessels Noise associated with significant health problems, heart and blood vessels. In 1999, the World Health Organization has concluded that available evidence suggested a weak association between long-term exposure to noise above 67-70 dB (A) and high blood pressure. It was suggested that more recent studies show that the noise levels of 50 dB (A) at night may also increase the risk of myocardial infarction with the production of cortical is chronically elevated. Stress Conduct research on the rocky road of isolation of the United Kingdom manufacturer, and reveals in the UK in third place (33%) of victims of civil unrest, noisy parties are required to have prevented them from sleeping or stressed over the past two years. Almost one in ten (9%) of those affected by civil unrest, which claims to be left constantly disturbed and stressed. More than 1.8 million people, have made their lives hell, noisy neighbors and can not enjoy their home. The impact of noise on health may be a serious problem in all parts of the UK for more than 17.5 million Britons (38%) were troubled by the residents of nearby properties in the past two years. For a period of approximately ten (7%), British, and this is normal Conclusion Noise quiet because of the death and the concern of the community did not create much on the impact of noise on workers alike can not be relied upon in the industries, in particular, and the public in the community as a universal. Noise is of significant environmental pollutants contaminate our air, water and soil. It has the ability to destroy the bridges and the development of cracks in buildings. Can also cause skin noise and mental illness. It explained that the noise is a technology created the problem and all the noise is doubling every 10 years in the hand in hand with social progress and industry. Influenced to a large extent because of environmental pollution of noise, with the sunrise every day. Noise pollution in different parts of the increases in and around the city workplaces and homes. Noise levels peaked in the Twilight Zone when people are at work now, and traffic until it reaches during peak hours.

Resesarch

CASE: American Barrick Resources Corporation : Managing Gold Price Risk 1. In the absence of a hedging program using financial instruments, how sensitive would Barrick stock be to gold price changes? For every 1% change in gold prices, how might its stock be affected? How could the firm manage its gold price exposure without the use of financial contracts? Particulars for yr 1992($ million)| | Pretax earnings (Exhibit 2)| 223| Reductions in earning of gold sold at spot (1280mn oz x (422-345) (Exhibit 12)| (99)| Proforma Pretax Earnings| 124| Taxes @ 21% (Exhibit 2) | (26)| After Tax Earnings| 98| Thus in absence of risk management program the American Barrick stock would be more sensitive to gold price changes. This could also be observed from Exhibit 4 where the return on Barrick’s stock is continuously increasing as compared to other unstable major stocks in gold mining sector. Elasticity of Earnings & Profit for 1% change in Gold Price 1% change in gold price ($345)| $3. 45| Number of ounces| $1,280m| Additional pre-tax profits| $4. 4m| Additional after-tax profits| $4. 4 x (1-. 1) = $3. 5mn| Additional profits as % of earnings| 3. 5/98 = 3. 5% (approx)| Cash Flow = Earnings + Noncash charges| 98mn + 69mn = $167mn| Additional profits as % of cash flow| 3. 5/167 = 2. 1%| Thus with 1% change in gold price the earnings of Barrick would change by 3. 5%. The firm can manage its gold price exposure in following three ways: 1. Diversifying its business 2. Hedging against the gold price risk 3. Insuring against the gol d price risk Hedging involves entering into financial contracts and so does insuring against the gold price risk. Thus without being involved in any financial contracts Barrick can reduce its gold price exposure only by diversifying its business. 2. What is the stated intent of ABX’s hedging program? What should be the goal of a gold mine’s price risk management program? Stated intent American Barrick Resources Corporation is one the most financially successful gold-mining concerns in the world. The main stated intent of ABX’s hedging program was to profit handsomely even during a downtime, when gold prices are falling. The hedging position had allowed ABX to sell its commodity output at prices well above market rates. The main motive of the hedging program was to profit and gain an advantage over its competitors by hedging, at a time when the prices of gold were low and also interest rates were falling. Thus, the main intent of the hedging program was to position the organization as a low- cost commodity producer, willing to sacrifice potential profits from gold price peaks in order to level out potential losses in the future. Goal of a gold mine’s price risk management program The primary goal of a gold mine’s risk management program is to hedge the risk of falling gold prices and low interest rates, to ensure the minimum sale price of gold even when prices are declining. One of the main goal is to achieve financial stability. The risk management programs motive is to hedge risk in order to plan the future cash flows with certainty. Also, at a time, when an organization has immense production initially itself, the risk management program enables the firm to earn a predictable, rising earnings profile in the future inspite of rising production. Thus , the intent of the risk management program is to hedge the risk in such a manner, that its production decisions are not affected by the market price of gold. 3. What would convince you that a price risk management program created value for its shareholders ex ante? The American Barrick Resources Corporation, had since its inception a strategy of efficient risk management system to protect or hedge itself from the fluctuations in the Gold prices. The various risk management system coupled with favourable circumstances and opportunities of price locking, rendered an overall strong balance sheet for American Barrick. They were able to attract investors who shied away from gold mine investments due to price risk, due to the efficiency in hedging mechanism. In 1992, American Barrick produced and sold over 1. 28 Million Ounces of gold at a price of $422 instead of $345 market rate, as a result of the risk management program. Such benefits would lead to higher revenues, and thus higher profits and in turn render higher value for the shareholders. The organisation guidelines clearly specifed that the risk managemnt system should be such that they are fully protected against price declines for 3yrs and 20-25% for a decade. Thus such a mechanism helped create value for the shareholders as the profits of a Gold mine are dependent on fluctuation in gold prices and the difference between revenue and costs. Thus locking future prices, provided financial stability, enabling the organisation to avoids dips, and plan cash flows in a confident way, and in combination with the rising production, offered investors and shareholders a predictable , rising earnings profile in the future 1. How would you characterize the evolution of Barrick’s price risk management activities? Are they consistent with the stated policy goals? As a producer of commodity products, gold mining firms had virtually no marketing or distribution costs. There was always a ready market for their products, at market prices, once extracted from the earth & refined. Therefore a gold mine’s profits were a function of the quantity of its production & the difference between the prices at which it sold its output & its costs. To minimize the price risk, hedging is necessary. Being conservative in nature, company has maintained lower leverage. As per stated policy goals of company, Gold Hedging program gives American Barrick extraordinary financial stability. It protects shareholder’s wealth from the dip in gold prices. American Barrick’s hedging program evolved over history and used a wide range of tools to manage gold price risk. With gold financing, forward sales, options strategies & spot deferred contracts, company shed some of its price risk while maintaining flexibility to profit from rising gold prices. a. Gold Financing: In early days, Company’s gold price management activities were incorporated in financing for its mines. Company made its growth organically as well as inorganically. Almost every year, company madeacquisition of 1 gold mine company. For financing such acquisition, company used following tools Gold Trust: Paying specific percentage of gold production as return to investors Bullion Loan: Bank gives loan in gold form, company need to pay interest in gold terms only. Collateral is reserves company owns Limitations: Limited scope. b. Forward Sales: Production at Gold mine is highly inelastic in nature. ie Its not easy for the company to change the production in tune with the highly fluctuating demand, market prices. To avoid price risk, American Barricks used Forward Sales as tool by which company can lock in prices for future dates. Forward Sales are usually for relatively short delivery periods of under a few years. Normally forward sellers receive a premium (approx. 5%)above the current gold prices ensuring a guaranteed return of 5% for forward sellers. Limitations: Forward sale mitigates downside risk but also its ability to benefit if price rose. c. Options & Warrants: Hedging using Forward sales eliminated downside risk for the American Barricks but also its ability to benefit if price rose. To resolve this issue, from 1987 company started using Options and warrants. This allows company to hedge from downside risk and retain some benefits of rising prices. Board of American Barricks were ready to use options but in costless manner. Collars strategy: Simultaneously buying Put Option & writing Call Options on gold. Premiums and maturity of both call and put option is maintained same. This strategy ensured a price range for the gold in future giving opportunity to the company to get benefits from rising gold prices as well as downside protection if price dips. Limitation: Market for such options were liquid only for contracts with maturities under 2 years. This horizon was far shorter than 20 years of expected production currently in reserve. d. Spot Deferred Contracts: This tool gives additional feature to standard forward sale. In forward sale, the delivery date is fixed. In SDC there are multiple delivery dates. Seller chooses at which date he will pay gold. Forward price is decided at each roll over date depending upon current market price plus prevailing contango premium. ( SDC will be explained in detail in Q6. ) So during 10 years, American Barricks moved solely from getting gold financing, lock in future prices to getting strategic benefit due to inherent strengths of American Barricks over competitors using tools like Spot Deferred Contracts. 5. How should a gold mine which wants to moderate its gold price risk compare hedging strategies (using futures, forwards, gold loans, or spot deferred contracts) with insurance strategies (using options)? On what basis should these decisions be made? Once a firm has decided on either a hedging or an insurance strategy, how should it choose from among specific alternatives? One can characterize risk management strategies as either linear, hedging strategies (which eliminate all exposure to price fluctuations) or nonlinear, insurance strategies (which protect firms against falling gold prices only. ) Choices among instruments are determined by their relative costs (including transaction costs), interim liquidity requirements, accounting and tax implications, and the ability to customize the contract terms. For example, gold mining firms tend to use forward sales instead of futures contracts, at least in part to avoid the cash margin calls which futures transactions might entail. As another example, mining firms' preferences for spot deferred contracts over them functionally equivalent strategy of rolling forward contracts seems to be related to their relatively attractive accounting treatment. Distinguishing linear and nonlinear strategies becomes more difficult with dynamic trading. Suppose we observe a firm only selling gold forward. By a static measure, we would conclude that it was hedging. However, as is well known, through dynamic replication, a trader can create a put option by adjusting the amount of gold sold forward. Specifically, as the gold price falls, a dynamic replication strategy would have the firm short-sell more gold. Thus, distinguishing hedging from insurance strategies requires an analysis of the changes in a firm's equivalent short position (or delta-percentage) relative to changes in the price of gold. The sensitivity of cash flows and investment costs relative to changes in the underlying macro-variable are equal. If the sensitivities are equal, linear or hedging strategies will be optimal, otherwise firms would prefer to use non linear or option strategies. It is not apparent how to measure the degree to which mines face quantity risk. Firms facing borrowing constraints and that facing higher price risk might be more active users of options. Borrowing constraints might be more severe among firms with high operating costs, small market values, or small reserves; bankers might be reluctant to lend to high-cost producers that may be forced to shut-in production and to smaller firms with less collateral. It is reasonable to suspect that price risk might be more pronounced among mines with higher production costs. Firms with higher cash costs and those with smaller market values and reserves might be more likely to use options or price-contingent nonlinear strategies. 6. What is a â€Å"spot deferred contract? † Why has ABX chosen to rely on spot deferred contracts relative to other gold derivatives? Spot deferred Contract (SDC) is used by gold producers to hedge gold price exposure. It is a type of forward contract which has multiple delivery dates with the final one being 5 or 10 years after the initiation of the contract. The seller of SDC has the right to choose on which of the rollover date he will deliver the gold and can defer the delivery date till the end of the contract. Therefore spot deferred contract gives the right to the seller to choose the delivery date but has to deliver the quantity of gold specified in the contract. American Barrick entered into SDC with 1-year delivery or rollover dates where prices were set only for the first rollover date. On the rollover date, American Barrick could deliver the contract if forward prices were higher than spot prices or could roll the contract for the next period and sell the gold in the spot market. American Barrick chose to rely more on spot deferred contracts relative to other gold derivatives because of the following reasons: 1) Initially American Barrick entered into contracts for delivery within 3 to 4 years. Later on its bargaining power increased because of its large reserve base and strong financial position which made them negotiate agreements giving them 10 years within which to make delivery. 2) SDC was a way to profit from increase in price of gold yet set a minimum price on its sales of gold.